Revised 30 August 2021




Higher levels of material production and consumption in any nation enable higher standards of living and initially higher levels of wellbeing and life expectancy. When a nation has reached a certain standard of living as indicated by average per-capita income, additional per-capita income does not necessarily result in greater wellbeing or happiness and nor does it result in greatly extended life expectancy (Wilkinson & Pickett, 2009). The potential life span of humans is limited, and few people live beyond 100 years regardless of income. 


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